Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION TO SAS

• INTRODUCTION
• NEED FOR SAS
• WHO USES SAS
• WHAT IS SAS?
• OVERVIEW OF BASE SAS SOFTWARE
• DATA MANAGEMENT FACILITY
• STRUCTURE OF SAS DATASET
• SAS PROGRAM
• PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
• ELEMENTS OF THE SAS LANGUAGE
• RULES FOR SAS STATEMENTS
• RULES FOR MOST SAS NAMES
• SPECIAL RULES FOR VARIABLE NAMES
• TYPES OF VARIABLES
• DATA ANALYSIS AND REPORTING UTILITIES
• TRADITIONAL OUTPUT
• WAYS TO RUN SAS PROGRAMS
• SAS WINDOWING ENVIRONMENT
• NONINTERACTIVE MODE
• BATCH MODE
• INTERACTIVE LINE MODE
• RUNNING PROGRAMS IN THE SAS WINDOWING ENVIRONMENT

Chapter 2: HOW SAS WORKS

• WRITING YOUR FIRST SAS PROGRAM
• A SIMPLE PROGRAM TO READ RAW DATA AND PRODUCE A REPORT
• ENHANCING THE PROGRAM
• MORE ON COMMENT STATEMENTS
• INTERNAL PROCESSING IN SAS
• HOW SAS WORKS
• THE COMPILATION PHASE
• THE EXECUTION PHASE
• PROCESSING A DATA STEP: A WALKTHROUGH
• CREATING THE INPUT BUFFER AND THE PROGRAM DATA VECTOR
• WRITING AN OBSERVATION TO THE SAS DATA SET
• FOUR TYPES OF SAS LIBRARIES
• SAS LIBRARIES
• WORK LIBRARY
• SASHELP LIBRARY
• SASUSER LIBRARY

Chapter 3: READING RAW DATA INTO SAS

• WHAT IS RAW DATA
• DEFINITIONS
• DATA VALUES
• NUMERIC VALUE
• CHARACTER VALUE
• STANDARD DATA
• NONSTANDARD DATA
• NUMERIC DATA
• CHARACTER DATA
• CHOOSING AN INPUT STYLE
• LIST INPUT
• MODIFIED LIST INPUT
• COLUMN INPUT
• FORMATTED INPUT
• NAMED INPUT
• INSTREAM DATA
• CREATING MULTIPLE RECORDS FROM SINGLE INPUT ROW
• READING DATA FROM EXTERNAL FILES
• READING BLANK SEPARATED VALUES (LIST OR FREE FORM DATA):
• READING RAW DATA SEPARATED BY COMMAS (.CSV FILES):
• READING IN RAW DATA SEPARATED BY TABS (.TXT FILES):
• USING INFORMATS WITH LIST INPUT
• SUPPLYING AN INFORMAT STATEMENT WITH LIST INPUT
• USING LIST INPUT WITH EMBEDDED DELIMITERS
• READING RAW DATA THAT ARE ALIGNED IN COLUMNS:
• METHOD 1: COLUMN INPUT
• METHOD 2: FORMATTED INPUT
• USING MORE THAN ONE INPUT STATEMENT: THE SINGLE TRAILING @
• READING COLUMN DATA THAT IS ON MORE THAN ONE LINE
• MIXED-STYLE INPUT:
• INFILE OPTIONS FOR SPECIAL SITUATIONS
• FLOWOVER
• MISSOVER
• TRUNCOVER
• PAD
• USING LRECL TO READ VERY LONG LINES OF RAW DATA
• CHECKING YOUR DATA AFTER IT HAS BEEN READ INTO SAS

Chapter 4: READING DATA FROM A DATASET

• INTRODUCTION
• SET STATEMENT OVERVIEW
• AUTOMATIC VARIABLES IN SAS
• INTERLEAVE MULTIPLE SAS DATA SETS
• COMBINE MULTIPLE SAS DATA SETS
• CREATING & MODIFYING VARIABLES
• CREATING MULTIPLE DATASETS IN A SINGLE DATA-STEP
• SUBSETTING OBSERVATIONS
• CONDITIONAL SAS STATEMENTS
• LOGICAL AND SPECIAL OPERATORS
• THE SAS SUPERVISOR AND THE SET STATEMENT
• EFFICIENCY AND THE SET STATEMENT
• KNOW YOUR DATA
• SET STATEMENT DATA SET OPTIONS
• DROP AND KEEP OPTIONS
• RENAME OPTION
• FIRSTOBS AND OBS OPTIONS
• IN OPTION -
• WHERE OPTION -
• OTHER SET STATEMENT OPTIONS
• END OPTION
• KEY OPTION
• NOBS OPTION
• POINT OPTION
• DO LOOPS AND THE SET STATEMENT
• INTRODUCTION TO RETAIN STATEMENT
• CARRY OVER VALUES FROM ONE OBSERVATION TO ANOTHER
• COMPARE VALUES ACROSS OBSERVATIONS
• ASSIGN INITIAL VALUES
• DETERMINING COLUMN ORDER IN OUTPUT DATASET
• SAS SYSTEM OPTIONS

Chapter 5: READING DATA FROM A DATASET

• INPUT SAS DATA SET FOR EXAMPLE
• SELECTING OBSERVATIONS FOR A NEW SAS DATA SET
• DELETING OBSERVATIONS BASED ON A CONDITION
• ACCEPTING OBSERVATIONS BASED ON A CONDITION
• COMPARING THE DELETE AND SUBSETTING IF STATEMENTS
• METHODS OF CREATING NEW DATA SETS WITH A SUBSET
• SUBSETTING RECORDS FROM AN EXTERNAL FILE WITH A SUBSETTING IF STATEMENT
• SUBSETTING OBSERVATIONS IN A DATA STEP WITH A WHERE STATEMENT
• SUBSETTING OBSERVATIONS IN A PROC STEP WITH A WHERE STATEMENT
• SUBSETTING OBSERVATIONS IN PROC SQL
• DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IF AND WHERE

Chapter 6: SAS INFORMATS AND FORMATS

• OVERVIEW
• USING SAS INFORMATS
• INPUT STATEMENT
• INPUT FUNCTION
• INPUTN AND INPUTC FUNCTIONS
• ATTRIB AND INFORMAT STATEMENTS
• USING SAS FORMATS
• FORMAT STATEMENT IN PROCEDURES
• PUT STATEMENT
• PUT FUNCTION
• PUTN AND PUTC FUNCTIONS
• BESTw. Format
• ADDITIONAL COMMENTS

  Chapter 7: SAS FUNCTIONS

  • CATEGORIES OF FUNCTIONS
  • SAS CHARACTER FUNCTIONS
  • FUNCTIONS THAT CHANGE THE CASE OF CHARACTERS
  • UPCASE
  • LOWCASE
  • PROPCASE
  • FUNCTIONS THAT REMOVE CHARACTERS FROM STRINGS
  • FUNCTION: COMPBL
  • FUNCTION: COMPRESS
  • FUNCTIONS THAT SEARCH FOR CHARACTERS
  • FUNCTION: ANYALNUM
  • FUNCTION: ANYALPHA
  • FUNCTION: ANYDIGIT
  • FUNCTION: ANYPUNCT
  • FUNCTION: ANYSPACE
  • FUNCTION: NOTALNUM
  • FUNCTION: NOTALPHA
  • FUNCTION: NOTDIGIT
  • FUNCTION: NOTUPPER
  • FUNCTIONS THAT SEARCH STRINGS
  • FIND AND FINDC
  • INDEX, INDEXC, AND INDEXW
  • FUNCTIONS TO VERIFY DATA
  • FUNCTION VERIFY
  • FUNCTIONS THAT EXTRACT PARTS OF STRINGS
  • FUNCTION: SUBSTR (ON THE LEFT-HAND SIDE OF THE EQUAL SIGN)
  • FUNCTION: SUBSTRN
  • FUNCTIONS THAT JOIN TWO OR MORE STRINGS TOGETHER
  • FUNCTION: CAT
  • FUNCTION: CATS
  • FUNCTION: CATT
  • FUNCTION: CATX
  • FUNCTIONS THAT REMOVE BLANKS FROM STRINGS
  • FUNCTION: LEFT
  • FUNCTION: RIGHT
  • FUNCTION: TRIM
  • FUNCTION: TRIMN
  • FUNCTION: STRIP
  • FUNCTIONS THAT COMPARE STRINGS
  • FUNCTION: COMPARE
  • FUNCTIONS THAT DIVIDE STRINGS INTO "WORDS"
  • FUNCTION: SCAN
  • FUNCTION: SCANQ
  • FUNCTIONS THAT SUBSTITUTE LETTERS OR WORDS IN STRINGS
  • FUNCTION: TRANSLATE
  • FUNCTION: TRANWRD
  • FUNCTIONS THAT COMPUTE THE LENGTH OF STRINGS
  • FUNCTION: LENGTH
  • FUNCTION: LENGTHC
  • FUNCTION: LENGTHM
  • FUNCTION: LENGTHN
  • FUNCTIONS THAT COUNT THE NUMBER OF LETTERS OR SUBSTRINGS IN A STRING
  • FUNCTION: COUNT
  • FUNCTION: COUNTC
  • MISCELLANEOUS STRING FUNCTIONS
  • FUNCTION: MISSING
  • FUNCTION: REPEAT
  • FUNCTION: REVERSE
  • SAS DATE AND TIME FUNCTIONS
  • INTRODUCTION
  • WHAT IS A SAS DATE AND TIME LITERAL?
  • DATE AND TIME FUNCTIONS
  • FUNCTINS TO CREATE DATE AND TIME VALUES
  • FUNCTIONS TO TAKIE DATETIME VALUES APART
  • FUNCTIONS TO GET QUARTER ,YEAR OR DAY OF THE DATE
  • FUNCTIONS THAT WORK WITH INTERVALS
  • USING FORMATS FOR DATE AND TIME
  • SYSTEM OPTIONS FORDATE AND TIME

  Chapter 8: AN INTRODUCTION TO ARRAYS AND ARRAY PROCESSING

  • WHY DO WE NEED ARRAYS?
  • BASIC ARRAY CONCEPTS
  • ARRAY STATEMENT
  • ARRAY REFERENCES
  • VARIABLE NAME ARRAY REFERENCE
  • USING ARRAY INDEXES
  • ONE DIMENSION ARRAYS
  • MULTI-DIMENSION ARRAYS
  • TEMPORARY ARRAYS
  • SORTING ARRAYS
  • Determining Array Bounds: LBOUND and HBOUND Functions
  • WHEN TO USE ARRAYS
  • COMMON ERRORS AND MISUNDERSTANDINGS
  • INVALID INDEX RANGE
  • FUNCTION NAME AS AN ARRAY NAME
  • ARRAY REFERENCED IN MULTIPLE DATA STEPS, BUT DEFINED IN ONLY ONE

  Chapter 9: BY - GROUP PROCESSING

  • DEFINITIONS FOR BY-GROUP PROCESSING
  • BY-GROUP PROCESSING
  • BY VALUE
  • BY GROUP
  • FIRST.VARIABLE AND LAST.VARIABLE
  • MODIFYING SAS DATA SETS: EXAMPLES.
  • INVOKING BY-GROUP PROCESSING
  • PREPROCESSING INPUT DATA FOR BY-GROUP PROCESSING
  • SORTING OBSERVATIONS FOR BY-GROUP PROCESSING
  • INDEXING FOR BY-GROUP PROCESSING
  • HOW THE DATA STEP IDENTIFIES BY GROUPS
  • PROCESSING OBSERVATIONS IN A BY GROUP
  • HOW SAS DETERMINES FIRST.VARIABLE AND LAST.VARIABLE
  • PROCESSING BY-GROUPS IN THE DATA STEP
  • OVERVIEW
  • PROCESSING BY-GROUPS CONDITIONALLY
  • DATA NOT IN ALPHABETIC OR NUMERIC ORDER
  • DATA GROUPED BY FORMATTED VALUES

  Chapter 10: OVERVIEW OF METHODS FOR COMBINING SAS DATA SETS

  • DEFINITIONS
  • CONCATENATING
  • INTERLEAVING
  • ONE-TO- ONE READING OR ONE-TO-ONE MERGING
  • MATCH-MERGING
  • UPDATING
  • MODIFYING
  • DEFINITIONS FOR READING, COMBINING, AND MODIFYING SAS DATA SETS
  • READING A SAS DATA SET
  • COMBINING SAS DATA SETS
  • MODIFYING SAS DATA SETS
  • OVERVIEW OF TOOLS
  • READING SAS DATA SETS
  • READING A SINGLE SAS DATA SET
  • READING FROM MULTIPLE SAS DATA SETS
  • COMBINING SAS DATA SETS: BASIC CONCEPTS
  • ONE-TO-ONE
  • ONE-TO-MANY AND MANY-TO-ONE
  • MANY-TO-MANY
  • ACCESS METHODS: SEQUENTIAL VERSUS DIRECT
  • SEQUENTIAL ACCESS
  • DIRECT ACCESS
  • ONE-TO-ONE READING
  • DATA STEP PROCESSING DURING A ONE-TO-ONE READING
  • ONE-TO-ONE MERGING
  • MATCH-MERGING
  • UPDATING WITH THE UPDATE AND THE MODIFY STATEMENTS :
  • DEFINITIONS
  • SYNTAX OF THE UPDATE STATEMENT
  • SYNTAX OF THE MODIFY STATEMENT -
  • UPDATING WITH NONMATCHED OBSERVATIONS, MISSING VALUES, AND NEW VARIABLES -
  • USING AN INDEX WITH THE MODIFY STATEMENT

  Chapter 11: SAS PROCEDURES

  • INTRODUCTION
  • THE ANATOMY OF A PROC
  • THE PROC STATEMENT
  • TITLE AND FOOTNOTE STATEMENTS
  • BY STATEMENT
  • LABEL STATEMENT
  • FORMAT STATEMENT
  • RUN OR QUIT STATEMENT
  • DESCRIPTION OF DATA USED IN REPORTS
  • SAS REPORTING PROCEDURES
  • PROCS FOR ALL THAT DETAIL
  • USING PROC PRINT
  • USING PROC SQL
  • PROC REPORT
  • PROCS THAT SUMMARIZE
  • USING PROC CHART
  • USING PROC FREQ
  • USING PROC MEANS
  • USING PROC UNIVARIATE
  • INTRODUCTION TO PROC TABULATE
  • DATA MANIPULATION AND MANAGEMENT PROCEDURE
  • PROC SORT
  • PROC DATASETS
  • PROC FORMAT
  • PROC CONTENTS
  • OTHER IMPORTANT PROCS
  • PROC TRANSPOSE
  • DEFINITIONS
  • PROC PRINTTO
  • COMPARE PROCEDURE
  • PROC APPEND
  • HOW TO IMPORT AN EXCEL FILE INTO SAS

    Chapter 12: INTRODUCTION TO PROC SQL

    • INTRODUCTION
    • WHY LEARN PROC SQL?
    • SELECT STATEMENT
    • THE SELECT STATEMENT SYNTAX
    • A SIMPLE PROC SQL
    • A COMPLEX PROC SQL
    • LIMITING INFORMATION ON THE SELECT
    • CREATING NEW VARIABLES
    • THE CALCULATED OPTION ON THE SELECT
    • USING LABELS AND FORMATS
    • THE CASE EXPRESSION ON THE SELECT
    • ADDITIONAL SELECT STATEMENT CLAUSES
    • REMERGING
    • REMERGING FOR TOTALS
    • CALCULATING PERCENTAGE
    • SORTING THE DATA IN PROC SQL
    • SORT ON NEW COLUMN
    • SUBSETTING USING THE WHERE
    • INCORRECT WHERE CLAUSE
    • WHERE ON COMPUTED COLUMN
    • SELECTION ON GROUP COLUMN
    • USE HAVING CLAUSE
    • CREATING NEW TABLES
    • JOINING DATASETS USING PROC SQL
    • INNER JOIN
    • JOINING THREE OR MORE TABLES
    • OUTER JOINS
    • INCLUDING NONMATCHING ROWS WITH THE RIGHT OUTER JOIN
    • SELECTING ALL ROWS WITH THE FULL OUTER JOIN
    • CONCATENATING QUERY RESULTS

    Chapter 13: SAS FINANCE PROCEDURES

    • PROC LOAN
    • PROC TIMESERIES
    • PROC FORECASTING
    • PROC UPLOAD
    • PROC DOWNLOAD
    • PROC EXPAND
    • PROC UCM
    • PROC CLUSTER
    • PROC DISTANCE
    • PROC TREE

    Chapter 14: AN INTRODUCTION TO SAS MACROS

    • INTRODUCTION
    • SAS MACRO OVERVIEW
    • TRADITIONAL SAS PROGRAMMING
    • THE SAS MACRO LANGUAGE
    • MACRO LANGUAGE COMPONENTS
    • MACRO VARIABLES
    • MACRO STATEMENTS
    • MACRO PROCESSOR FLOW
    • AUTOMATIC MACRO VARIABLES
    • MACRO DEBUGGING OPTIONS
    • WHAT IS A MACRO?
    • DEFINING AND USING MACROS
    • POSITIONAL MACRO PARAMETERS
    • KEYWORD MACRO PARAMETERS
    • CONDITIONAL MACRO COMPILATION
    • THE %DO STATEMENT
    • SAS DATA STEP INTERFACES

    Chapter 15: THE OUTPUT DELIVERY SYSTEM (ODS)

    • INTRODUCTION
    • CREATING VARIOUS TYPES OF REPORTS LISTING OUTPUT
    • OTHER DESTINATIONS
    • HTML
    • PDF AND POSTSCRIPT
    • RTF FILES
    • MICROSOFT EXCEL
    • ADDING STYLE TO YOUR REPORTS
    • LOCATE EXISTING STYLES
    • ODS STYLE= OPTION
    • CUSTOMIZE YOUR REPORTS
    • ODS SELECT; AND ODS EXCLUDE;
    • OTHER CUSTOMIZATIONS
    • ODS PROCLABEL= ;
    • ODS PROCTITLE; AND ODS NOPROCTITLE;
    • ADVANCED TECHNIQUES
    • ODS DOCUMENT
    • PROC TEMPLATE

    Chapter 16: INTRODUCTION TO DIAGNOSING AND AVOIDING ERRORS

    • INTRODUCTION
    • UNDERSTANDING HOW THE SAS SUPERVISOR CHECKS A JOB
    • UNDERSTANDING HOW SAS PROCESSES ERRORS
    • DISTINGUISHING TYPES OF ERRORS .SAS RECOGNIZES FOUR KINDS OF ERRORS:
    • SYNTAX ERRORS
    • EXECUTION-TIME ERRORS
    • DATA ERRORS
    • SEMANTIC ERRORS
    • DIAGNOSING ERRORS
    • DIAGNOSING SYNTAX ERRORS
    • DIAGNOSING DATA ERRORS
    USING A QUALITY CONTROL CHECKLIST